Cooling Tower Performance Analysis Using Range and Approach Method Unit 4 in Pt. Pertamina Geothermal Energy Kamojang Area
Abstract
Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) is one of the renewable energy sources that supports the national energy transition. One of the important components in the PLTP system is the cooling tower which functions to lower the temperature of the condensed water so that it can be reused in the thermodynamic cycle. This study aims to analyze the performance of the cooling tower at PLTP Kamojang Unit 4 owned by Januari Pertamina Geothermal Januari using the Range and Approach methods based on the ASME PTC 23-2003 standard. Data were obtained from operational logsheets during the period from 4 to 10 January 2025 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The parameters observed included inlet water temperature, outlet water temperature, and wet bulb air temperature. The results of the analysis showed that the range value ranged from 35.61°C to 36.48°C, the approach value between 4.73°C to 5.12°C, and the effectiveness of the cooling tower was in the range of 87.42% to 88.52%. These values indicate that the cooling tower is still operating at high efficiency. Daily fluctuations in these values are influenced by environmental factors such as air humidity, wet bulb temperature, and variations in cooling load. In addition, internal factors such as fan conditions, water spraying, cooling water quality, and media packing conditions also contribute to system performance. Based on these results, it is recommended that regular monitoring and preventive maintenance be carried out to maintain the efficiency of the cooling system. With improvements and digitalization of monitoring, the cooling tower at PLTP Kamojang Unit 4 can continue to support power plant operations optimally and sustainably.
References
Abdurohman, H., Mrihardjono, J., & Darmanto, S. (2022). Analisis Performance Cooling Tower Tipe Induced Draft Counter Flow Pltp Kamojang Unit 5. Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi, 8(2), 324-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v8i2.6526
Anufriev, I. S., Kopyev, E. P., Alekseenko, S. V., Sharypov, O. V., & Vigriyanov, M. S. (2022). New ecology safe waste-to-energy technology of liquid fuel combustion with superheated steam. Energy, 250, 123849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123849
Astro, R. B. (2023). Overview of the Potential and Utilization of Geothermal Energy on Flores Island. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(12), 1377-1384. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.5616
Barbier, E. (1997). Nature and technology of geothermal energy: a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 1(1-2), 1-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(97)00001-4
Barbier, E. (2002). Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 6(1-2), 3-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00002-3
Basem, A., Moawed, M., Abbood, M. H., & El-Maghlany, W. M. (2022). The energy and exergy analysis of a combined parabolic solar dish–steam power plant. Renewable Energy Focus, 41, 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2022.01.003
Carson, W. R., & Williams, H. K. (1980). Method of reducing carry-over and reducing pressure drop through steam separators (No. EPRI-NP-1607). Combustion Engineering, Inc., Chattanooga, TN (USA).
Dhamodharan, P., Kannappan Ayalur, B., Annamalai, S. K., Prabakaran, R., & Kim, S. C. (2024). Development and analysis of air-conditioning condensate assisted compact cooler unit: a novel approach in condensate recovery. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 149(8), 3303-3316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-12923-0
Eze, V. H. U., Tamball, J. S., Uzoma, O. F., Sarah, I., Robert, O., & Okafor, W. O. (2024). Advancements in energy efficiency technologies for thermal systems: A comprehensive review. INOSR Applied Sciences, 12(1), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/INOSRAS/2024/1.1.1010
Fridleifsson, I. B. (2001). Geothermal energy for the benefit of the people. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 5(3), 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(01)00002-8
Fridleifsson, I. B. (2003). Status of geothermal energy amongst the world's energy sources. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.07.004
Ghoddousi, S., Anderson, A., & Rezaie, B. (2021). Advancing water conseration in cooling towers through energy-water nexus. Eur. J. Sustain. Dev. Res, 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/7sjfb
Golwalkar, K. R., & Kumar, R. (2022). Cogeneration of Steam and Power, Steam Traps, and Heat Exchangers. In Practical Guidelines for the Chemical Industry: Operation, Processes, and Sustainability in Modern Facilities (pp. 149-166). Cham: Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96581-5_7
Gülen, S. C. (2021). Steam Turbine—Quo Vadis?. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8, 612731.
Gülen, S. C. (2023). Gas and Steam Turbine Power Plants: Applications in Sustainable Power. Cambridge University Press.
Komarov, I., Rogalev, N., Rogalev, A., Kindra, V., Lisin, E., & Osipov, S. (2022). Technological Solutions in the Field of Production and Use of Hydrogen Fuel to Increase the Thermal Efficiency of Steam Turbine TPPs. Inventions, 7(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions7030063
Leung, Y. K., & Cheng, K. W. E. (2024). The enhancement of water and energy conservation through condensed water reclamation for evaporative cooling towers. Frontiers in Water, 6, 1357976. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2024.1357976
Lin, C. H., & Septyan, I. (2024). Investigations of organic Rankine cycle with various working fluids on geothermal energy for development of distributed generation in Indonesia. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 149(17), 9601-9618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-13460-6
Liu, C., Li, J., & Zhang, D. (2024). Fuzzy fault tree analysis and safety countermeasures for coal mine ground gas transportation system. Processes, 12(2), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020344
Mohseni, M., Bahrami, H. R., & Leili, M. S. (2024). Energy and exergy analysis of a steam power plant to replace the boiler with a heat recovery steam generator. International Journal of Exergy, 43(1), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJEX.2024.136448
Pérez, R., Osma, L., & García Duarte, H. A. (2024). Combining Steam and Flue Gas as a Strategy to Support Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Review of the Associated Mechanisms. ACS omega, 9(14), 15732-15743. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c09889
Rahimli, I. N., Rzayeva, S. V., & Umudov, E. E. (2023). Direction OF alternative energy. Вестник науки, 4(4 (61)), 282-288.
Richardson, I., Addison, S., & Thompson, G. (2013). Steam purity considerations in geothermal power generation. In Proceedings of the New Zealand Geothermal Workshop (p. 8).
Roy-Aikins, J., de Klerk, G., Ramasimong, D., & Rupnarain, K. (2021, July). Managing Risks Associated With Turbine First Steam Admission Following Inadequate Boiler Cleaning. In ASME Power Conference (Vol. 85109, p. V001T08A002). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1115/POWER2021-64846
Sofyan, A., Bujang, Y. D. G., & Dewi, D. C. (2023). Analysis Of The Z Well Production Test Using The Horizontal Lip Pressure Method At Pt. Pertamina Geothermal Energy Ulubelu Area. Indonesian Journal of Energy and Mineral, 3(1), 40-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53026/IJoEM/2023/3.1/1038
Solikah, A. A., Saputro, S., & Rahardjo, S. B. (2023). Systematic literature review supported VOSviewer: Geothermal energy as an alternative energy in Indonesia. Journal of Energy, Mechanical, Material, and Manufacturing Engineering, 8(1), 49-66. https://doi.org/10.22219/jemmme.v8i1.29355
Somova, E. V., Tugov, A. N., & Tumanovskii, A. G. (2023). Modern coal-fired power units for ultra-supercritical steam conditions. Thermal Engineering, 70(2), 81-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0040601523020064
Sperber, A. (2024). Detailed Machine Specification. In Heavy Duty Rotating Equipment: From Concept to Operation-A Practice-oriented Engineering Guide (pp. 83-178). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44717-5_6
Sperber, A. (2024). Detailed Machine Specification. In Heavy Duty Rotating Equipment: From Concept to Operation-A Practice-oriented Engineering Guide (pp. 83-178). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44717-5_6
Stober, I., & Bucher, K. (2013). Geothermal energy. Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. doi, 10, 978-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13352-7
Subagio, I. M. (2023). Fair legal protection for geothermal development companies that already have business licenses. International Journal of Social Service and Research (IJSSR), 3(7), 1748-1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i7.434
Tester, J. W., Anderson, B. J., Batchelor, A. S., Blackwell, D. D., DiPippo, R., Drake, E. M., ... & Petty, S. (2006). The future of geothermal energy. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 358, 1-3.
van der Zwaan, B., & Dalla Longa, F. (2019). Integrated assessment projections for global geothermal energy use. Geothermics, 82, 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.06.008
Yanto, E., Firanda, E., Budiyanto, A., Tiofami, A., & Suranto, H. (2021). Exploitation Strategies to Minimize Decline Rate at Lumut Balai Area, PT. Pertamina Geothermal Energy, Indonesia. In PROCEEDINGS, 46th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University.
Zhang, W., Gu, F., Dai, F., Gu, X., Yue, F., & Bao, B. (2016). Decision framework for feasibility analysis of introducing the steam turbine unit to recover industrial waste heat based on economic and environmental assessments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 1491-1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.039
Zufar, B. N. F., & Azami, A. F. (2021). Is Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) on Mount Slamet Necessary?. Indonesian Journal of Innovation and Applied Sciences (IJIAS), 1(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v1i1.161
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal La Multiapp
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
