Identification of Tampering in Arabic Text Documents Using Zero-Watermarking Algorithm

Shahbaa Mohammed Abdulmaged

doi:10.37899/journallamultiapp.v5i5.1490

Shahbaa Mohammed Abdulmaged Al-Iraqia University, Law dep., Baghdad, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v5i5.1490

Keywords: Zero watermarking, Security, Arabic text, Preserving, Protection

Abstract

The internet makes sharing information easy, but protecting copyrights and verifying the authentication of online text remains a challenge. Current methods for securing Arabic text are limited. This research introduces a new tool: a zero watermark algorithm designed specifically for Arabic text. This new algorithm protects Arabic text by analyzing its content. It creates a watermark based on a chosen keyword (at least 6 characters, no duplicates), and how often each character appears in different forms (separate, connected), and positions (beginning, middle, and end) within the text. The proposed method was tested on nine different Arabic text samples of varying size, simulating various tampering attempts like inserting, deleting, and rephrasing text. The results are impressive, showing that the algorithm outperforms existing methods in detecting even minor changes.

References

Alkhafaji, A.A., Sjarif, N.N.A., Shahidan, M.A., Azmi, N.F.M., Sarkan, H.M., et al. (2021). Tamper Detection and Localization for Quranic Text Watermarking Scheme Based on Hybrid Technique. CMCCOMPUTERS MATERIALS & CONTINUA. 68(1), 77102. Doi: 10.32604/cmc.2021.015770.
Al-Wesabi, F.N. (2020). Proposing high-smart approach for content authentication tampering detection of Arabic text transmitted via Internet. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems. 103(10), 2104-2112. Doi: 10.1587/transinf.2020EDP7011.
Al-Wesabi, F.N., Abdelmaboud, A., Zain, A.A., Almazah, M.M., and Zahary, A. (2021). Tampering Detection Approach of Arabic-Text Based on Contents Interrelationship. Intell. Automat. Soft Comput. 27(2), 483-498. Doi: 10.32604/iasc.2021.014322.
Al-Wesabi, F.N., Mahmood, K., and Nemri, N. (2020). A zero watermarking approach for content authentication and tampering detection of Arabic text based on fourth level order and word mechanism of Markov model. Journal of Information Security and Applications. 52, 102473. Doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102473.
Bastani, A., and Fatemi Behbahani, E. (2021). A Self-recovery Digital Watermarking Approach for Tamper Detection of Handwritten and Printed Electronic Documents. Library and Information Sciences. 24(1), 174-193. Doi: 10.30481/LIS.2020.235473.1727.
CHEN, S.Y., MA, H., and CHEN, Q.J. (2017). Tamper Detection of Batch Websites Based on Text Comparison. In Computer Science and Technology: Proceedings of the International Conference (CST2016). 573-579. Doi: 10.1142/9789813146426_0065.
Hilal, A.M., Al-Wesabi, F.N., Hamza, M.A., Medani, M., Mahmood, K., et al. (2022). Content authentication and tampering detection of Arabic text: an approach based on zero-watermarking and natural language processing. Pattern Analysis and Applications. 25(1), 4762. Doi: 10.1007/s10044-021-01032-5.
Khadam, U., Iqbal, M.M., Alruily, M., Al Ghamdi, M.A., Ramzan, M., et al. (2020). Text data security and privacy in the internet of things: threats, challenges, and future directions. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. Doi: 10.1155/2020/7105625.
Oleiwi, A., Alkhafaij, S. M. A., Ali, R., Ali, R., Al-Tahee, E. M. and Almusawi,M. (2023). Robust Content Authentication and Tampering Detection of Arabic Text Transmitted Through Internet. 2023 6th International Conference on Engineering Technology and its Applications (IICETA), Al-Najaf, Iraq. 790-796. Doi: 10.1109/IICETA57613.2023.10351462.
Thabit, R., Udzir, N.I., Yasin, S.M., Asmawi, A., Roslan, N.A., et al. (2021). A comparative analysis of Arabic text steganography. Applied Sciences. 11(15), 6851. Doi:10.3390/app11156851.
Usop, N.A.A., and Hisham, S.I. (2020). A Review of Digital Watermarking Techniques, Characteristics and Attacks in Text Documents. In International Conference on Innovative Technology, Engineering and Science. 256-271. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-70917-4_25.