Factors of Decreased Visual Acuity in Primary and Junior High School Students Aged 6-15 Years in the Working Area of Cimareme Community Health Center, West Bandung Regency
Abstract
The issue of decreased visual acuity in children, especially in primary and junior high school ages, has not been well socialized. Many children and parents still lack understanding regarding the risk factors associated with daily activities that contribute to decreased visual acuity. This study is an analytical observational research using a cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted on all students from grade I to grade VI of SD Unggulan Al-Amin, totaling 266 individuals, and all students from grade VII to grade IX of SMP Unggulan Al-Amin, totaling 120 individuals. Data were collected through visual acuity examinations using the Snellen chart at 6 meters and interviews guided by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Among the students of SD Unggulan Al-Amin, six factors were found to have a significant relationship with decreased visual acuity based on the chi-square test. These six factors are reading position (p=0.001), frequency of cellphone use (p=0.000), duration of gadget use (p=0.001), gadget usage position (p=0.040), distance while watching TV (p=0.046), and distance from eyes to cellphone screen (p=0.019). Among the students of SMP Unggulan Al-Amin, eight factors were found to have a significant relationship, including reading position (p=0.00), frequency of cellphone use (p=0.000), duration of gadget use (p=0.000), gadget usage position (p=0.000), frequency of TV watching (p=0.001), duration of TV watching (p=0.000), distance while watching TV (p=0.000), and distance from eyes to cellphone screen (p=0.000). Decreased visual acuity was experienced by 56.8% of students from SD Unggulan Al-Amin and 18.3% of students from SMP Unggulan Al-Amin. There is a significant relationship between risk factors and decreased visual acuity, including reading position, frequency of cellphone use, duration of gadget use, gadget usage position, frequency of TV watching, duration of TV watching, distance while watching TV, and distance from eyes to cellphone screen.
References
Aleman, A.C., Wang, M., & Schaeffel, F. (2018). Reading and myopia: contrast polarity matters. Scientific Reports, 8, 10840.
Enthoven, C.A., Tideman, J.W.L., Polling, J.R., (2019). Interaction between lifestyle and genetic susceptibility in myopia: the Generation R study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 777–784.
Enthoven, C.A., Tideman, J.W.L., Polling, J.R., Yang-Huang, J., Raat, H., & Klaver, C.C.W. (2020). The impact of computer use on myopia development in childhood: the Generation R study. Preventive Medicine, 132, 105988.
GhorbaniMojarrad, N., Williams, C., & Guggenheim, J.A. (2018). A genetic risk score and number of myopic parents independently predict myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 38, 492–502.
Guggenheim, J.A., McMahon, G., Northstone, K., (2013). Birth order and myopia. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 20, 375–384.
Hindrianti, A., Anita, & Nurulistyawan. (n.d). Hubungan Penggunaan Gadget Terhadap Kejadian Miopia Pada Anak Sekolah Kelas 5 Dan 6 Di Sd Negeri 4 Purwodadi. Jurnal Ilmiah The Shine (Juliene), Volume(Issue), Page range. URL
Morgan, I.G., Wu, P.C., Ostrin, L.A., (2021). IMI Risk factors for myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 62(5), 3.
Moyegbone, J.E., Nwose, E.U., Anowa, E.I., (n.d). Prevalence of Visual Impairment among Primary and Secondary School Children in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of the Nigerian Optometric Association.
Nunes, A.F., Sena, F., Calado, R., (2021). Reduced visual acuity in children from 5 to 6 years old, with LEA chart. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 259, 759–768.
Sanchez-Tocino, H., Villanueva Gomez, A., Gordon Bolanos, C., et al. (2019). The effect of light and outdoor activity in natural lighting on the progression of myopia in children. Journal Francais d'Ophtalmologie, 42, 2–10.
Williams, K.M., Kraphol, E., Yonova-Doing, E., Hysi, P.G., Plomin, R., & Hammond, C.J. (2019). Early life factors for myopia in the British Twins Early Development Study. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 103(8), 1078–1084.
World Health Organization. (2023). Increasing eye care interventions to address vision impairment. February 2023.
You, Q.S., Wu, L.J., Duan, J.L., Luo, Y.X., Liu, L.J., Li, X., ... Guo, X.H. (2012). Factors Associated with Myopia in School Children in China: The Beijing Childhood Eye Study. PLoS ONE, 7(12), 1-10.
